Inno3D GeForce GTX 660 Ti iChill review - The graphics architecture that is Kepler

The graphics architecture that is Kepler

As you can understand, the massive memory partitions, bus-width and combination of GDDR5 memory (quad data rate) allow the GPU to work with a very high framebuffer bandwidth (effective). Let's again put most of the data in a chart to get an idea and better overview of changes:

So we talked about the core clocks, specifications and memory partitions. Obviously there's a lot more to talk through the GPU architecture for example. To understand a graphics processor you simply need to break it down into pieces to better understand it.  

Let's first look at the raw data that most of you can understand and grasp. This bit will be about the Kepler architecture, if you're not interested in g33k talk by all means please browse to the next page.

So above we see the GK104 block diagram that entails the Kepler architecture. Let's break it down into bits and pieces.

A fully operating GK104 will have:

• 1536 CUDA processors (Shader cores)
• 192 CUDA core clusters (SM).
• 8 geometry units
• 4 raster Units
• 128 Texture Units
• 32 ROP engines
• 256-bit GDDR5 memory bus
• DirectX 11.1

Above thus a fully operating GK104 as used on the GTX 680. The GTX 660/670 uses the same chip, but has one SM (CUDA / Shader core cluster) disabled. So the more important thing to focus on are the SM (block of shader processors) clusters (or SMX as NVIDIA likes to call it for the GTX 680, which  has 192 Shader processors. That's radically different from Fermi, the GeForce GTX 580 for example had 32 shader processors per SM cluster. 1536 : 192 = 8 Shader clusters (SMs). Let's blow up one such cluster:

Above the block diagram for a single Shader processor cluster, aka SM or SMX as NVIDIA now calls it. The new SMX has quite a bit more bite in terms of shader, texture and geometry processing. 192 CUDA cores, that's six times the number of cores per SM opposed to Fermi. Now, at the end of the pipeline we run into the ROP (Raster Operation) engine and the GTX 680 again has 32 engines for features like pixel blending and AA, the GTX 660 Ti has 24 of these activated.

There's a total of 128 texture filtering units available for the GK104. The math is simple here, each SM has 16 texture units tied to it.

• GeForce GTX 580 has 16 SMs X 4 Texture units = 64
• GeForce GTX 660 has 7 SMs X 16 Texture units = 112
• GeForce GTX 670 has 7 SMs X 16 Texture units = 112
• GeForce GTX 680 has 8 SMs X 16 Texture units = 128

Above the GK104 host interface - The Gigathread engine, four GPCs, four memory controllers, the ROP partitions, a 768 KB L2 cache. Each GPC has eight polymorph engines - ROP partitions are nearby to the L2 cache, Each shader cluster then is tied to L1 and a shared L2 cache. Shading performance is going be increased quite bit, geometry performance will get a nice boost as well. NVIDIA is using 64KB Shared Memory/L1 per SMX – please note that they have a 16/48 – 48/16 ratio here for graphics/compute, as before with Fermi. For L2, 128KB per 64-bit memory controller. So that adds up to 512KB L2.

In regards to architectural changes, on top of the pipeline NVIDIA has now added new Polymorph 2.0 (world space processing) engines and raster (screen space processing) engines, they act like a mini CPU really.